Sati = memory, remembering
SN 48.9 Sati-indriya: Remembering-faculty
♦ “katamañ-ca, bhikkhave, sat-indriyaṃ? |
"{And}-what, monks, (is the) remembering-faculty? |
idha, bhikkhave, ariya-sāvako |
Here, monks, (a) disciple-of-the-noble-ones, |
satimā hoti |
{is} remember-ful, |
paramena sati-nepakkena samannāgato |
supreme remembering-(and)-prudence (he) possesses, |
cira-katampi cira-bhāsitampi |
(what was) {done}-long-ago, {spoken}-long-ago, |
saritā anussaritā — |
(he) remembers (and) recollects - |
idaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, sat-indriyaṃ. |
this (is) called, *********, remembering-faculty. |
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STED sammā-sati
STED right remembering
(1. kāyā-(a)nupassī)
kāye kāyā-(a)nupassī viharati |
body as body-contemplation he abides-in, |
ātāpī sampajāno satimā, |
(refrain:) ardent, clearing-comprehending, remembering, |
vineyya loke abhijjhā-domanassaṃ; |
vanquishing worldly avarice-(and)-distress. |
(2. vedanā-(a)nupassī)
vedanāsu vedanā-(a)nupassī viharati |
Feelings-as feelings-contemplation he abides-in |
ātāpī sampajāno satimā, |
(refrain:) ardent, clearing-comprehending, remembering, |
vineyya loke abhijjhā-domanassaṃ; |
vanquishing worldly avarice-(and)-distress. |
(3. cittā-(a)nupassī)
citte cittā-(a)nupassī viharati |
Mind-as mind-contemplation he abides-in, |
ātāpī sampajāno satimā, |
(refrain:) ardent, clearing-comprehending, remembering, |
vineyya loke abhijjhā-domanassaṃ; |
vanquishing worldly avarice-(and)-distress. |
(4. dhammā-(a)nupassī)
dhammesu dhammā-(a)nupassī viharati |
Mental-qualities-as mental-qualities he abides-in, |
ātāpī sampajāno satimā, |
(refrain:) ardent, clearing-comprehending, remembering, |
vineyya loke abhijjhā-domanassaṃ; |
vanquishing worldly avarice-(and)-distress. |
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Synopsis
The original meaning of sati / smṛti is "memory".
In EBT contexts, there is some added meaning implied by "sati".
While "mindfulness" as an english translation has served us well for many decades, there are some problems with it, with more problems getting worse as "mindfulness" has become mainstream in Psychology and popular non denominational meditation techniques taught to the masses. The trend is clear. Sati is drifting far from the profound depth of the original EBT.
rememberness = sati / smṛti / 念
The English word "remember" is a great word. It captures an indispensable feature of oral traditions such as EBT. Two indispensable features.
First, one memorizes ("remembers") important teachings,
and second, one frequently recollects ("remembers") said important teachings,
and then reflects deeply upon them (sampajano) repeatedly.
So to summarize, sati has these meanings, in order of priority:
1. sati = memory
For one who is satima/"rememberful", and possesses the quality of sati/rememberness:
2. one memorizes ("remembers") important teachings
3. one frequently recollects ("remembers") memorized teachings
4. One is rememberful, not forgetful, rememberful, not absent-minded.
S&S: Sati & sampajano: Those two words almost always appear together, and that infuses sati (appearing alone) with some implied additional qualities. As well as S&S, sati is categorized under the samādhi khandha (group), so it overlaps and interpenetrates with samma samādhi and sammā vāyāmo, sharing some common duties.
5. Presence of mind
6. lucidity (in common with samma samādhi)
7. ability to prioritize, ignore distractions, and focus on what's important at the moment. This is the influence of sammā ditthi, right view. If that means present moment awareness, to the exclusion of past and future considerations, so be it. But more often than not, past and future ramifications have to be taken into consideration, and that involves both sati (memory) and sampajano (clear comprehension).
8. one is rememberful continuously, with vigor and persistence.
the essence of sati
SMRTI = You (S)uppose to (M)emorize and (R)ecollect (T)errific (I)deas.
SATI = You (S)uppose to (A)ctualize (T)errific (I)deas
sati: A simple explanation
sati = remembering.
People are forgetful (a-sati).
Their attention gets distracted all the time, and they forget what they should be doing.
They get distracted, confused, and seduced by defilements (non-Dharma).
Sati remembers ☸Dharma. Always.
Sati's role in the 8aam noble eightfold path, is to remember the ☸Dharma that we're so forgetful of.
Whenever your mind is remembering and engrossed in non-Dharma, it's in grave danger.
Sati is the re-mindfulness factor that reminds you to turn your attention away from non-Dharma, back to ☸Dharma.
English
mind (n.)
from https://www.etymonline.com/word/mind
late 12c., from Old English gemynd "memory, remembrance, state of being remembered; thought, purpose; conscious mind, intellect, intention," Proto-Germanic *ga-mundiz (source also of Gothic muns "thought," munan "to think;" Old Norse minni "mind;" German Minne (archaic) "love," originally "memory, loving memory"), from suffixed form of PIE root *men- (1) "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities of mind or states of thought.
Meaning "mental faculty" is mid-14c. "Memory," one of the oldest senses, now is almost obsolete except in old expressions such as bear in mind, call to mind. Mind's eye "remembrance" is early 15c. Phrase time out of mind is attested from early 15c. To pay no mind "disregard" is recorded from 1916, American English dialect. To have half a mind to "to have one's mind half made up to (do something)" is recorded from 1726. Mind-reading is from 1882.
mind (v.)
from https://www.etymonline.com/word/mind
mid-14c., "to remember, take care to remember," also "to remind oneself," from mind (n.). Meaning "perceive, notice" is from late 15c.; that of "to give heed to" is from 1550s; that of "be careful about" is from 1737. Sense of "object to, dislike" is from c. 1600; negative use (with not) "to care for, to trouble oneself with" is attested from c. 1600. Meaning "to take care of, look after" is from 1690s. Related: Minded; minding. Meiotic expression don't mind if I do attested from 1847.
Noun: remembrance
|ri'mem-brun(t)s|
The ability to recall past occurrences
=
anamnesis, recollection
~
memory, retention, retentiveness, retentivity
A recognition of meritorious service
=
commemoration, memorial
~
credit, recognition
⇒
epitaph, festschrift
Derived
Noun: remembrancer
Verb: remember
Noun: mindfulness
|mInd-ful-nus|
The trait of staying aware of (paying close attention to) your responsibilities
=
heedfulness
◑
unmindfulness
~
attentiveness
Derived
Adjective: mindful
Adjective: recollective
Good at remembering • a recollective mind
=
long, retentive, tenacious
≈
aware, mindful
Derived
Noun: recollection, recollectiveness
Verb: recollect
Adverb: recollectively
Noun: remembering (word web)
|ri'mem-bu-ring|
The cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered
• he enjoyed remembering his father
(synonyms) = memory
~
basic cognitive process
⇒
LTM, STM, association, connection, identification, immediate memory, long-term memory, recall, recognition, recollection, reminiscence, retrieval, retrospection, short-term memory, working memory
Noun: remembrance (word web)
|ri'mem-brun(t)s|
The ability to recall past occurrences
=
anamnesis, recollection
~
memory, retention, retentiveness, retentivity
A recognition of meritorious service
=
commemoration, memorial
~
credit, recognition
⇒
epitaph, festschrift
sanskrit
smṛti स्मृति (wikipedia ‘sati’ page)
Sanskrit
The Sanskrit word smṛti स्मृति (also transliterated variously as smriti, smRti, or sm'Rti) literally means "that which is remembered", and refers both to "mindfulness" in Buddhism and "a category of metrical texts" in Hinduism, considered second in authority to the Śruti scriptures.
Monier Monier-Williams's Sanskrit-English Dictionary differentiates eight meanings of smṛti स्मृति, "remembrance, reminiscence, thinking of or upon, calling to mind, memory":
memory as one of the Vyabhicāri-bhāvas [transient feelings];
Memory (personified either as the daughter of Daksha and wife of Aṅgiras or as the daughter of Dharma and Medhā);
the whole body of sacred tradition or what is remembered by human teachers (in contradistinction to Śruti or what is directly heard or revealed to the Rishis; in its widest acceptation this use of the term Smṛti includes the 6 Vedangas, the Sūtras both Śrauta and Grhya, the Manusmṛti, the Itihāsas (e.g., the Mahābhārata and Ramayana), the Puranas and the Nītiśāstras, "according to such and such a traditional precept or legal text";
the whole body of codes of law as handed down memoriter or by tradition (esp. the codes of Manusmṛti, Yājñavalkya Smṛti and the 16 succeeding inspired lawgivers) … all these lawgivers being held to be inspired and to have based their precepts on the Vedas;
symbolical name for the number 18 (from the 18 lawgivers above);
a kind of meter;
name of the letter g- ग्;
desire, wish[14]
samyak-smṛti (wiki)
wikipedia:
Smriti (Sanskrit: स्मृति, IAST: Smṛti), literally "that which is remembered" are a body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an author, traditionally written down but constantly revised, in contrast to Śrutis (the Vedic literature) considered authorless, that were transmitted verbally across the generations and fixed.[1] Smriti is a derivative secondary work and is considered less authoritative than Sruti in Hinduism, except in the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy.[2][3]
The Smrti literature is a corpus of diverse varied texts.[2] This corpus includes, but is not limited to the six Vedāngas (the auxiliary sciences in the Vedas), the epics (the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyana), the Dharmasūtras and Dharmaśāstras (or Smritiśāstras), the Arthasaśāstras, the Purānas, the Kāvya or poetical literature, extensive Bhasyas (reviews and commentaries on Shrutis and non-Shruti texts), and numerous Nibandhas (digests) covering politics, ethics (Nitisastras),[4] culture, arts and society.[5][6]
Each Smriti text exists in many versions, with many different readings.[1] Smritis were considered fluid and freely rewritten by anyone in ancient and medieval Hindu tradition.[1][3]
Etymology
Smrti is a Sanskrit word, from the root Smara (स्मर), which means "remembrance, reminiscence, thinking of or upon, calling to mind", or simply "memory".[4] The word is found in ancient Vedic literature, such as in section 7.13 of the Chandogya Upanishad. In later and modern scholarly usage, the term refers to tradition, memory, as well as a vast post-Vedic canon of "tradition that is remembered".[4][7] David Brick states that the original meaning of smriti was simply tradition, and not texts.[8]
Smriti is also a symbolic synonym for number 18, from the 18 scholars who are credited in Indian tradition for writing dharma-related smriti texts (most have been lost).[4] In linguistic traditions, Smrti is the name of a type of verse meter. In Hindu mythology,[9] Smriti is the name of the daughter of Dharma[10] and Medha.[11]
In scholarly literature, Smriti is also spelled as Smṛti.[12]
Chinese
念 (nian) from sanskrit smṛti
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)
Eastern Zhou dynasty (771-221 BCE) Large Seal Script graph for nian 念
Buddhist scholars translated smṛti with the Chinese word nian 念 "study; read aloud; think of; remember; remind". Nian is commonly used in Modern Standard Chinese words such as guannian 觀念 (观念) "concept; idea", huainian 懷念 (怀念) "cherish the memory of; think of", nianshu 念書 (念书) "read; study", and niantou 念頭 (念头) "thought; idea; intention". Two specialized Buddhist terms are nianfo 念佛 "chant the name of Buddha; pray to Buddha" and nianjing 念經 (念经) "chant/recite sutras".
This Chinese character nian 念 is composed of jin 今 "now; this" and xin 心 "heart; mind". Bernhard Karlgren graphically explains nian meaning "reflect, think; to study, learn by heart, remember; recite, read – to have 今 present to 心 the mind".[15] The Chinese character nian or nien 念 is pronounced as Korean yeom or yŏm 염, Japanese ネン or nen, and Vietnamese niệm.
A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms gives basic translations of nian: "Recollection, memory; to think on, reflect; repeat, intone; a thought; a moment."[16]
The Digital Dictionary of Buddhism gives more detailed translations of nian "mindfulness, memory":
Recollection (Skt. smṛti; Tib. dran pa). To recall, remember. That which is remembered. The function of remembering. The operation of the mind of not forgetting an object. Awareness, concentration. Mindfulness of the Buddha, as in Pure Land practice. In Abhidharma-kośa theory, one of the ten omnipresent factors 大地法. In Yogâcāra, one of the five 'object-dependent' mental factors 五別境;
Settled recollection; (Skt. sthāpana; Tib. gnas pa). To ascertain one's thoughts;
To think within one's mind (without expressing in speech). To contemplate; meditative wisdom;
Mind, consciousness;
A thought; a thought-moment; an instant of thought. (Skt. kṣana);
Patience, forbearance.[17]
正念 (right rememberness)
(from chinese buddhism encyclopedia)
right mindfulness (samyak-smṛti, 正念).
The seventh in the Eightfold Right Path.
A few examples of right mindfulness include
(1) practice of the Four Abidings of Mindfulness;
(2) memory of the Dharma, such as the no birth of all dharmas;
(3) memory of a Buddha; and
(4) the inconceivable mindfulness of a Buddha
Right mindfulness (samyak-smṛti / sammā-sati), also translated as "right memory", "right awareness" or "right attention". Here, practitioners should constantly keep their minds alert to phenomena that affect the body and mind.
They should be mindful and deliberate, making sure not to act or speak due to inattention or forgetfulness. In the Pali Canon, it is explained thus:
And what, monks, is right mindfulness?
(i) There is the case where a monk remains focused on the body in and of itself—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the world.
(ii) He remains focused on feelings in and of themselves—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the world.
(iii) He remains focused on the mind in and of itself—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the world.
(iv) He remains focused on mental qualities (dhammesu ) in and of themselves—ardent, aware, and mindful—putting away greed and distress with reference to the world.
This, monks, is called right mindfulness.
Although the above instruction is given to the male monastic order, it is also meant for the female monastic order and can be practiced by lay followers from both genders.
Bhikkhu Bodhi, a monk of the Theravada tradition, further explains the concept of mindfulness as follows:
The mind is deliberately kept at the level of bare attention, a detached observation of what is happening within us and around us in the present moment.
In the practice of right mindfulness the mind is trained to remain in the present, open, quiet, and alert, contemplating the present event. All judgments and interpretations have to be suspended, or if they occur, just registered and dropped.
The Maha Satipatthana Sutta also teaches that by mindfully observing these phenomena, we begin to discern its arising and subsiding and the Three Characteristics of Dharma in direct experience, which leads to the arising of insight and the qualities of dispassion, non-clinging, and release.
Right Mindfulness (samma sati), sometimes also called awareness (appamàda), is the seventh step on the Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Middle Path.
Mindfulness is a quality of mind which clearly apprehends experience and observes it in a non-interfering, non-judgmental manner.
Normally each experience we have triggers desires, thoughts and memories and these prevent us from seeing the experience as it actually is.
The purpose of mindfulness meditation is to strengthen the ability to be mindful and then use it to observe the body, feelings, mind and the contents of the mind.
In time these things come to be seen as non-substantial, fleeting, impersonal phenomena and a calm detachment towards them arises. Even from a mundane point of view this has numerous benefits.
If this mindful detachment can be maintained in daily life, one can remain unruffled in the face of provocation and of course can develop more contentment and peace of mind.
Thus the Buddha said, ‘Mindfulness is helpful everywhere’ (S.V,156). Mindfulness also has a crucial role to play in the enhancement of wisdom.
To be diligently aware, mindful and attentive with regard to activities of the body, sensations or feelings, activities of the mind, ideas, thoughts, conceptions, and emotions.
The opposite of mindfulness would be something like forgetfulness or absent mindedness.
To acquire more mindfulness in our daily activities we need to do the practice, which is insight meditation. This trains the body and the mind so that mindfulness can become more like second nature and be present in every moment.
Pāli
Anus-sarati (PTS)
Anus-sarati [Vedic anusmarati, anu + smṛ;] to remember, recollect, have memory of (acc.), bear in mind; be aware of D ii.8, 53, 54 (jātito etc.); S iii.86 sq. (pubbenivāsaŋ) v.67 (dhammaŋ a. anuvitakketi), 303 (kappasahassaŋ) A i.25, 164 (pubbenivāsaŋ), 207 (Tathāgataŋ, Dhammaŋ etc.); iii.285 (id.), 323 (nivāsaŋ), 418; v.34, 38, 132 199, 336 (kalyāṇamitte); It 82 (dhammaŋ), 98 (pubbenivāsaŋ); J i.167; ii.111; Dh 364; Pv i.59; Pug 60; Sdhp 580, 587; DA i.257; KhA 213; DhA ii.84; iv.95; PvA 29, 53, 69, 79, 107. -- pp. anussarita (see anussaritar) -- Caus anussarāpeti to remind someone, to call to mind J
Paññāya (indecl.) [ger. of pajānāti]
Paññāya (indecl.) [ger. of pajānāti, in relation ˚ñāya: ñatvā as uṭṭhāya: ṭhatvā; so expld by P. Commentators whereas modern interpreters have taken it as instr. of paññā] understanding fully, knowing well, realising, in full recognition, in thorough realisation or understanding. Used most frequently with yathābhūtaŋ (q. v. S i.13 (bhāveti), 44 (lokasmiŋ pajjoto), 214 (parisujjhati); ii.7 sq. (uppajjati), 68 (suppaṭividdho); iii.6 (id.); v.324 (ajjhupekkhati); A i.125 (anuggahissati) iii.44 (vaḍḍhati); iv.13 sq. (pariyogāhamāna); v.39 (disvā) Sn 1035 (see Nd2 380ii); It 93 (moh'aggiŋ, v. l saññāya); PvA 60 (upaparikkhitvā, as expln of ñatvā) 140=viceyya.
sam-pajāna: thoughtful. (adj.)
Sampajāna (adj.) [saŋ+pajāna, cp. pajānāti; BSk. samprajāna, MVastu i.206; ii.360] thoughtful, mindful attentive, deliberate, almost syn. with sata, mindful D i.37; ii.94 sq.; Sn 413, 931; It 10, 42; Pug 25 D iii.49, 58, 221, 224 sq.; A iv.47 sq., 300 sq., 457 sq. Nd1 395; Nd2 141. sampajānakārin acting with consideration or full attention D i.70; ii.95, 292; A ii.210 v.206; VbhA 347 sq.; DA i.184 sq.; sampājanamusāvāda deliberate lie Vin iv.2; It 18; D iii.45; A i.128 iv.370; v.265; J i.23.
Pajānāti [pa+jānāti] to know
Pajānāti [pa+jānāti] to know, find out, come to know, understand, distinguish D i.45 (yathābhūtaŋ really truly), 79 (ceto paricca), 162, 249; Sn 626, 726 sq., 987 It 12 (ceto paricca); Dh 402; Pv i.1112 (=jānāti PvA 60); J v.445; Pug 64. -- ppr. pajānaŋ Sn 884, 1050 1104 (see expln at Nd1 292=Nd2 378); It 98; Pv iv.164; and pajānanto Sn 1051. -- ger. paññāya (q. v. -- Caus. paññāpeti; pp. paññatta; Pass. paññāyati pp. ;paññāta (q. v.). Cp. sampajāna.
Jānāti: to know
Jānāti [Vedic jña, jānāti *genē & *gné, cp. Gr. gignw/skw, gnwto/s, gnw_sis; Lat. nosco, notus, (i)gnarus (cp E. i -- gnorant); Goth. kunnan; Ohg. kennan, Ags cnāwan=E. know] to know.
I. Forms: The 2 Vedic roots jān˚ & jñā˚; are represented in P. by jān˚ & ñā˚ (ña˚) 1. ;jān: pres. jānāti pot. jāneyya (Sn 781) & jaññā (A ;iv.366; Sn 116, 775 Dh 157, 352; J ii.346; iv.478) 2nd sg. jāneyyāsi (M i.487; J i.288), 1st pl. jāniyāma (Sn 873) & (archaic jānemu (Sn 76, 599; Vv 8311); -- imper. jānāhi (Sn 596 1026; Pv ii.912), 3rd. sg. jānātu (It 28); -- ppr. jānanto & jānaŋ (D ;i.192; A i.128; Sn 722), ppr. med. jānamāna (J i.168); -- fut. jānissati (J ii.342; vi.364); -- aor ajāni (Sn 536) & jāni (J ;i.125, 269), 3rd pl. jāniŋsu (J ii.105; VvA 113); -- ger. jānitvā (J i.293; iii.276) inf. jānituŋ (J i.125). Caus. jānāpeti (see below iv.2)
2. ñā: fut. ñassati (D i.165); -- aor. aññāsi (J i.271 & nāsi (Sn 471), 3rd pl. aññaŋsu (Vv 22;4). -- ger. ñatvā (freq.); -- grd. ñeyya A ii.135 (see below) & ñātabba (PvA 133); -- inf. ñātuŋ (freq.) -- pp. ñāta (q. v.). <-> Pass. ñāyati to be called or named (Miln 25).
II. Cognate Forms: Nd2 s. v. explains jānāti by passati dakkhati adhigacchati vindati paṭilabhati, & ñatvā (No. 267) by jānitvā tulayitvā tirayitva vibhāvayitvā vibhūtaŋ katvā (very freq.) The 1st expln is also applied to abhijānāti, & the 2nd to passitvā, viditaŋ katvā, abhiññāya & disvā. The use of the emphatic phrase jānāti passati is very frequent. Yaŋ tvaŋ na jānāsi na passasi taŋ tvaŋ icchasi kāmesi? Whom you know not neither have seen, is it she that you love and long for? D ;i.193; Bhagavā jānaŋ jānāti passaŋ passati cakkhubhūto ñāṇabhūto M i.111; similarly A iv.153 sq. See further D i.2, 40, 84, 157 sq, 165 192 sq., 238 sq.; A i.128; iii.338; v.226; Sn 908 Nd2 35, 413, 517; Vism 200.
III. Meaning: (1) Intrs. to know, to have or gain knowledge, to be experienced, to be aware, to find out mayam pi kho na jānāma surely, even we do not know D i.216; te kho evaŋ jāneyyaŋ they ought to know ib. jānantā nāma n' âhesuŋ "nobody knew" J iii.188 jānāhi find out J i.184; kālantarena jānissatha you will see in time PvA 13; ajānanto unawares, unsuspecting i.223; ajānamāna id. Pv ii.314.
2. Trs. to know recognize, be familiar with (usually c. acc., but also with gen.: J i.337; ii.243), to have knowledge of, experience find; to infer, conclude, distinguish, state, define: yaŋ ahaŋ jānāmi taŋ tvaŋ jānāsi D i.88; aham p' etaŋ na jānāmi Sn 989; jānanti taŋ yakkhabhūtā Pv iv.135 paccakkhato ñatvā finding out personally J i.262 iii.168; cittam me Gotamo jānāti S i.178; jānāti maŋ Bhagavā S i.116; kathaŋ jānemu taŋ mayaŋ? How shall we know (or identify) him? Vv 8311; yathā jānemu brāhmaṇaŋ so that we may know what a b. is Sn 599 yath' âhaŋ jāneyyaŋ vasalaŋ Sn p. 21; ajānanto ignorant PvA 4; annapānaŋ ajāṇanto (being without bread water) PvA 169; ittaraŋ ittarato ñatvā inferring the trifling from the trifle Pv i.1111; ingha me uṇh' odakaŋ jānāhi find me some hot water S i.174; seyyaŋ jānāhi Vin iv.16; phalaŋ pāpassa jānamāna (having experienced) J i.168; mantaŋ j. (to be in possession of a charm J i.253; maggaŋ na j. Sn 441; pamāṇaŋ ajānitvā (knowing no measure) PvA 130.
3. With double acc.: to recognize as, to see in, take for, identify as, etc (cp. Caus.): petaŋ maŋ jānāhi "see in me a Peta Pv ii.912 (=upadhārehi PvA 119); bhadd' itthiyā ti maŋ aññaŋsu (they knew me as=they called me Vv 224.
IV. Various: 1. Grd. ñeyya as nt.=knowledge (cp ñāṇa): yāvatakaŋ ñeyyaŋ tāvatakaŋ ñāṇaŋ (knowledge coincides with the knowable, or: his knowledge is in proportion to the k., i. e. he knows all) Nd2 2352m ñāṇaŋ atikkamitvā ñeyyapatho n' atthi "beyond knowledge there is no way of knowledge" ib.; ñeyyasāgara the ocean of knowledge PvA 1.
2. Caus jānāpeti to make known, to inform, or (with attānaŋ to identify, to reveal oneself J i.107 (att. ajānāpetvā) vi.363; Vism 92 (att.); PvA 149 (att.); DhA ii.62.
sati (CPED dictionary)
sati: memory; mindfulness. (f.)
Sati (PTS dictionary)
Sati (f.) [Vedic smṛti: see etym. under sarati2] memory, recognition, consciousness, D i.180; ii.292; Miln 77 -- 80 intentness of mind, wakefulness of mind, mindfulness alertness, lucidity of mind, self -- possession, conscience self -- consciousness D i.19; iii.31, 49, 213, 230, 270 sq. A i.95; Dhs 14; Nd1 7; Tikp 61; VbhA 91; DhsA 121 Miln 37; upaṭṭhitā sati presence of mind D iii.252, 282 287; S ii.231; A ii.6, 218; iii.199; iv.232; It 120 parimukhaŋ satiŋ upaṭṭhāpetuŋ to surround oneself with watchfulness of mind M iii.89; Vin i.24, satiŋ paccupaṭṭhāpetuŋ to preserve self -- possession J i.112 iv.215; kāyagatā sati intentness of mind on the body, realization of the impermanency of all things M iii.89; A i.43; S i.188; Miln 248; 336; muṭṭhasati forgetful, careless D iii.252, 282; maraṇasati mindfulness as to death A iv.317 sq.; J iv.216; SnA 54 PvA 61, 66. asati not thinking of, forgetfulness DhsA 241; instr. asatiyā through forgetfulness, without thinking of it, not intentionally Vin ii.2892. sati (sammā˚) is one of the constituents of the 8 -- fold Ariyan Path (e g. A iii.141 sq.; VbhA 120): see magga 2.
-- âdhipateyya (sat˚) dominant mindfulness A ii.243 sq.; It 40. -- indriya the sense, faculty, of mindfulness A ii.149; Dhs 14. -- uppāda arising, production of recollection J i.98; A ii.185; M i.124. -- ullapakāyika, a class of devas S i.16 sq. -- paṭṭhāna [BSk. smṛty'upasthāna Divy 126, 182, 208] intent contemplation and mindfulness earnest thought, application of mindfulness there are four satipaṭṭhānas, referring to the body, the sensations, the mind, and phenomena respectively D ii.83, 290 sq.; iii.101 sq., 127, 221; M i.56, 339 ii.11 etc.; A ii.218; iii.12; iv.125 sq., 457 sq.; v.175 S iii.96, 153; v.9, 166; Dhs 358; Kvu 155 (cp. Kvu trsln 104 sq.); Nd1 14, 45, 325, 340; Vism 3; VbhA 57 214 sq., 417. -- See on term e. g. Cpd. 179; and in greater detail Dial. ii.322 sq. -- vinaya disciplinary proceeding under appeal to the accused monk's own conscience Vin i.325; ii.79 etc.; M ii.247; A i.99. -- vepullappatta having attained a clear conscience Vin ii.79 -- saŋvara restraint in mindfulness Vism 7; DhsA 351 SnA 8. -- sampajañña mindfulness and self -- possession D i.70; A ii.210; DA i.183 sq. -- sambojjhanga (e. g S v.90) see (sam)bojjhanga. -- sammosa loss of mindfulness or memory, lack of concentration or attention D i.19; Vin ii.114; DA i.113; Pug 32; Vism 63; Miln 266.
sati (wikipedia)
Definition
The Buddhist term translated into English as "mindfulness" originates in the Pali term sati and in its Sanskrit counterpart smṛti. According to Robert Sharf, the meaning of these terms has been the topic of extensive debate and discussion.[2] Smṛti originally meant "to remember", "to recollect", "to bear in mind", as in the Vedic tradition of remembering sacred texts. The term sati also means "to remember". In the Satipațțhāna-sutta the term sati means to remember the dharmas, whereby the true nature of phenomena can be seen.[2] Sharf refers to the Milindapanha, which explained that the arisement of sati calls to mind the wholesome dhammas such as the four establishments of mindfulness, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven awakening-factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the attainment of insight.[3] According to Rupert Gethin,
[sati] should be understood as what allows awareness of the full range and extent of dhammas; sati is an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value. Applied to the satipațțhānas, presumably what this means is that sati is what causes the practitioner of yoga to "remember" that any feeling he may experience exists in relation to a whole variety or world of feelings that may be skillful or unskillful, with faults or faultless, relatively inferior or refined, dark or pure."[4][note 1]
Sharf further notes that this has little to do with "bare attention", the popular contemporary interpretation of sati, "since it entails, among other things, the proper discrimination of the moral valence of phenomena as they arise".[4] According to Paul Williams, referring to Erich Frauwallner, mindfulness provided the way to liberation, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths".[5][note 2] According to Vetter, dhyana may have been the original core practice of the Buddha, which aided the maintenance of mindfulness.[6]
Translations
Translations of
Mindfulness
English mindfulness,
awareness,
inspection,
recollection,
retention
Pali sati (सति)
Sanskrit smṛti (स्मृति)
Chinese nian, 念
Japanese 念 (ネン)
(rōmaji: nen)
Korean 염
(RR: yeom or yŏm)
Sinhalese සති
Tibetan དྲན་པ།
(Wylie: dran pa;
THL: trenpa/drenpa)
Vietnamese niệm
Glossary of Buddhism
The Buddhist term translated into English as "mindfulness" originates in the Pali term sati and in its Sanskrit counterpart smṛti. Translators rendered the Sanskrit word as trenpa in Tibetan (wylie: dran pa) and as nian 念 in Chinese.
Pali
The Pali-language scholar Thomas William Rhys Davids (1843–1922) first translated sati in 1881 as English mindfulness in sammā-sati "Right Mindfulness; the active, watchful mind".[7] Noting that Daniel John Gogerly (1845) initially rendered sammā-sati as "Correct meditation",[8] Davids explained,
sati is literally 'memory' but is used with reference to the constantly repeated phrase 'mindful and thoughtful' (sato sampajâno); and means that activity of mind and constant presence of mind which is one of the duties most frequently inculcated on the good Buddhist."[9]
Henry Alabaster, in The Wheel of the Law: Buddhism Illustrated From Siamese Sources by the Modern Buddhist, A Life of Buddha, and an Account of the Phrabat (1871), had earlier defined "Satipatthan/Smrityupasthana" as "The act of keeping one's self mindful."[10]
The English term mindfulness already existed before it came to be used in a (western) Buddhist context. It was first recorded as myndfulness in 1530 (John Palsgrave translates French pensee), as mindfulnesse in 1561, and mindfulness in 1817. Morphologically earlier terms include mindful (first recorded in 1340), mindfully (1382), and the obsolete mindiness (ca. 1200).[11]
John D. Dunne, an associate professor at Emory University whose current research focuses especially on the concept of "mindfulness" in both theoretical and practical contexts, asserts that the translation of sati and smṛti as mindfulness is confusing and that a number of Buddhist scholars have started trying to establish "retention" as the preferred alternative.[12]
Bhikkhu Bodhi also points to the meaning of "sati" as "memory":
The word derives from a verb, sarati, meaning “to remember,” and occasionally in Pali sati is still explained in a way that connects it with the idea of memory. But when it is used in relation to meditation practice, we have no word in English that precisely captures what it refers to. An early translator cleverly drew upon the word mindfulness, which is not even in my dictionary. This has served its role admirably, but it does not preserve the connection with memory, sometimes needed to make sense of a passage.[13]
Asanga and B.Sujato
https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/how-do-you-define-mindfulness-sati/3184/3
sujato:
essentially there are two aspects to be borne in mind:
memory
sustained awareness
The latter is the basic term used in the satipatthana formula (anupassanā).
sati, from Asanga's Abhidharmasamuccaya
The best classical definition of sati that I know of comes from Asanga's Abhidharmasamuccaya5. (If you're unfamiliar, Asanga was one of the great systematizers; his work, I suspect, inspired Buddhaghosa. While he is known as a Yogacarin Mahayanist, in fact most of his work is based on the Agamas. This text is a straightforward summary of central dhamma teachings.)
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smṛti katamā / saṃsṛte vastuni cetasaḥ asaṃpramoṣo ’vikṣepakarmikā |
What is mindfulness? It is the non-forgetting [or "not losing"] by the mind of the experienced percept. Its function is non-distraction. |
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This could be paraphrased something like:
Mindfulness is retaining in mind what you have previously experienced without losing it. Its function is to keep attention steady and focused.
This suggests that rather than "memory" as such—which is a more generalized cognitive function, or range of functions—we should think of mindfulness as "retention".
In any case, what sati clearly does not mean is "paying attention to whatever comes up" which would be, rather, sampajañña. It means keeping attention in one place, most obviously, with the breath.
In the Indic traditions generally, sati is exactly parallel to dhāraṇa, from the root "to bear, to hold up", which is used in both the sense of "retention" (especially of sacred texts) and "mindful awareness" (in meditation).
sati & samādhi
sujato:
Here's my translation of this passage:
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Sammāsatiñce bhavaṃ dhammapadaṃ garahati paṭikkosati, ye ca hi muṭṭhassatī asampajānā samaṇabrāhmaṇā te bhoto pujjā te bhoto pāsaṃsā. |
If you reject the basic principle of right mindfulness, then you must honor and praise those ascetics and brahmins who are unmindful, with no situational awareness. |
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Sammāsamādhiñce bhavaṃ dhammapadaṃ garahati paṭikkosati, ye ca hi asamāhitā vibbhantacittā samaṇabrāhmaṇā te bhoto pujjā te bhoto pāsaṃsā. |
If you reject the basic principle of right samādhi, you must honor and praise those ascetics and brahmins who are scattered, with wandering minds. |
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As you can see, muṭṭhassatī is translated by BB as "muddle-minded" and by me as "unmindful". Both are correct, I feel mine is a little more idiomatic.
We're both using "wandering" for vibbhanta. This term is essentially used only in this kind of context and to describe a mendicant who has disrobed. The underlying meaning is to "spin, whirl" like a wheel. I'm not entirely happy with "wandering" here; perhaps "go astray".
In any case, it's a little hard to draw too much of a conclusion from these short phrases, since they are essentially just employing standard antonyms.
remember (verb), English definition
Verb: remember (word web)
|ri'mem-bur|
Have and bring to mind a memory of something; bring back knowledge from memory • can you remember her phone number? • Do you remember that he once loved you? • I can't remember saying any such thing
=
call back, call up, recall, recollect, retrieve, think
◑
forget
⇒
brush up, know, recognize, refresh, review
Keep in mind for attention or consideration • Remember the Alamo
=
think of
◑
forget
⇒
bear in mind, characterize, keep note, mind, qualify, retain
Recapture the past; indulge in memories • he remembered how he used to pick flowers
=
think back
⇒
look back, reminisce, retrospect, review
Show appreciation to • He remembered her in his will
~
bequeath, leave, will
Mention favorably, as in prayer • remember me in your prayers
~
advert, bring up, cite, mention, name, refer
Mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship • Remember me to your wife
=
commend
~
advert, bring up, cite, mention, name, refer
Exercise, or have the power of, memory • After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember • some remember better than others
~
associate, colligate, connect, link, link up, relate, tie in
Call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony • Remember the dead of the First World War • We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz
=
commemorate
Derived
Noun: remembering, remembrance, rememberer
Verb: disremember, misremember
Adjective: unremembered
See also
remember oneself
re·mem·ber (merriam-webster student dictionary)
function: verb
Inflected Form(s): -bered; remem·ber·ing
1 : to bring to mind or think of again
2 a : to keep in mind for attention
b : 1REWARD 1
3 : to keep in the memory
4 : to pass along greetings from
- re·mem·ber·able /-b(schwa-)rschwa-bschwal/ adjective
- re·mem·ber·er /-bschwar-schwar/ noun
remember (merriam-webster)
verb re·mem·ber \ ri-ˈmem-bər \
Definition of remember
remembered; remembering play \ri-ˈmem-b(ə-)riŋ\
transitive verb
1 : to bring to mind or think of again
remembers the old days
2 archaic
a : bethink 1b
b : remind
3 a : to keep in mind for attention or consideration
remembers friends at Christmas
b : reward
was remembered in the will
4 : to retain in the memory
remember the facts until the test is over
5 : to convey greetings from
remember me to her
6 : record, commemorate
intransitive verb
1 : to exercise or have the power of memory
2 : to have a recollection or remembrance
— rememberability play \ri-ˌmem-b(ə-)rə-ˈbi-lə-tē\ noun
— rememberable play \ri-ˈmem-b(ə-)rə-bəl\ adjective
— rememberer play \ri-ˈmem-bər-ər\ noun
remember (oxford living dict.)
verb
1with object Have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of (someone or something from the past)
‘I remember the screech of the horn as the car came towards me’
‘no one remembered his name’
1.1 Bear (someone) in mind by making them a gift or making provision for them.
‘he has remembered the boy in his will’
1.2 Pray for the well-being of.
‘the congress should be remembered in our prayers’
1.3remember someone to Convey greetings from one person to (another)
‘remember me to Charlie’
1.4remember oneself Recover one's manners after a lapse.
‘she remembered herself and sat up straighter’
2with infinitive Do something that one has undertaken to do or that is necessary or advisable.
‘did you remember to post the letters?’
2.1with clause Used to emphasize the importance of what is asserted.
‘you must remember that this is a secret’
Origin
Middle English: from Old French remembrer, from late Latin rememorari ‘call to mind’, from re- (expressing intensive force) + Latin memor ‘mindful’.
remember verb (cambridge uk dict.)
/rɪˈmem.bər/ us /rɪˈmem.bɚ/
A1 [ I or T ] to be able to bring back a piece of information into your mind, or to keep a piece of information in your memory:
Where did you park the car?" "I can't remember.
I can remember people's faces, but not their names.
[ + (that) ] She suddenly remembered (that) her keys were in her other bag.
[ + -ing verb ] I don't remember signing a contract.
[ + question word ] Can you remember what her phone number is?
I remember him as (= I thought he was) a rather annoying man.
remember verb (cambridge american eng.)
[ I/T ] us /rɪˈmem·bər/
to be able to bring a piece of information back into your mind, or to keep a piece of information in your memory:
[ T ] Naomi vividly remembers the day her daughter was born.
[ I ] I’ve been a Tiger fan as long as I can remember.
[ T ] Williams will be remembered for his generosity.
[ + question word ] Can you remember where we parked the car?
[ + that clause ] You have to remember that these things take time.
[ + to infinitive ] Remember to buy some stamps.
Cease the mindless ‘Mindfulness’
This is why sati is NOT mindfulness
https://notesonthedhamma.blogspot.com/2019/07/this-is-why-sati-is-not-mindfulness.html
Face it, it's a lost cause.
The word 'mindfulness', which actually is a great translation and accurate, the way it was coined and originally intended, has been hijacked by psychotherapy and watered down Buddhism.
These commonly accepted dictionary definitions below for 'mindfulness', completely loses the most important and basic aspect of sati in the EBT. To remember (sati) the Dharma instruction directly relevant to realizing Nirvana.
The problem is intractable. There is no point trying to re-educate people what sati/mindfulness really means. You're totally outnumbered, and convention will always be defined by the popular opinions.
Your best bet is to avoid the term 'mindfulness' completely, and stick with with the original pali, 'sati', or another English word like "remembering", "rememberfulness".
merriam-webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mindfulness#examples
1: the quality or state of being mindful
2: the practice of maintaining a nonjudgmental state of heightened or complete awareness of one's thoughts, emotions, or experiences on a moment-to-moment basis
also : such a state of awareness
oxford learner
mindfulness - Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/mindfulness
a mental state achieved by concentrating on the present moment, while calmly accepting the feelings and thoughts that come to you, used as a technique to help you relax A therapist may teach mindfulness, a concept borrowed from Zen Buddhism. Mindfulness is a way for body and mind to reconnect.
cambridge dict.
the practice of being aware of your body, mind, and feelings in the presentmoment, thought to create a feeling of calm:
Mindfulness can be used to alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression.
Misc. |
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https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/memory-a-better-translation-for-sati-than-mindfulness/7725 |
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"memory" synonyms |
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best fits |
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recollection |
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remembrance |
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memorization |
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mindfulness |
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recall |
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reminiscence |
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retention |
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retentiveness |
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(remembering) not listed |
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synonyms for memory (dictionary.com) |
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consciousness |
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mind |
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recollection |
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remembrance |
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thought |
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anamnesis |
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awareness |
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cognizance |
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flashback |
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memorization |
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mindfulness |
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recall |
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recapture |
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recognition |
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reflection |
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reminiscence |
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retention |
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retentiveness |
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retrospection |
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subconsciousness |
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camera-eye |
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dead-eye |
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more comments on sati = “remembering” |
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we have a new winner. Sati = remembering. |
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So I don’t have to use a neologism such as “remember-ness” or “rememberization” for sati. “remembering” is a synonym of “memory”, which is the undisputed meaning of sati. But unlike “memory”, which is passive, “remembering” implies an active dynamic process to “remember”, which is constantly modifying memory, or recalling, or re-writing memory. |
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Reading through different dictionary entries for “remember” the past couple of hours, |
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merriam webster is top of the search results in google, I also read through oxford, cambridge american, cambridge british, dictonary.com, and some others. |
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“remember” is two way memory access. All the dictionaries list the ability to recall, to “remember” something from the past as the primary, #1 definition. |
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“remember” as retention, the ability to retain something, to memorize something, is usually listed as #2. |
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Some dictionaries also list the ability to be attentive and focus on an important task , not to forget it, as a meaning for “remember”. |
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This entry was pretty good, and seems to match very well sati, satipatthana in EBT: |
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re·mem·ber (merriam-webster student dictionary) |
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function: verb |
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Inflected Form(s): -bered; remem·ber·ing |
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1 : to bring to mind or think of again |
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2 a : to keep in mind for attention |
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b : 1REWARD 1 |
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3 : to keep in the memory |
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4 : to pass along greetings from |
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re·mem·ber·able /-b(schwa-)rschwa-bschwal/ adjective |
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re·mem·ber·er /-bschwar-schwar/ noun |
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Happily, “remembering” according to wordweb is a synonym for “memory”, so we have a perfect match for “sati”. |
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Under the origin and etymology for “remember” in oxford dict., we see |
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Middle English: from Old French remembrer, from late Latin rememorari ‘call to mind’, from re- (expressing intensive force) + Latin memor ‘mindful’. |
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In old times, ‘mindful’ meant “remember”, so “mindfulness” is really an excellent translation. Unfortunately it’s modern meaning is corrupted. The “mindfulness” ship be sinking, so it’s time to bail out. |
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I also love how the “re-” in “remember” means |
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re- (expressing intensive force) |
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So the process of sati, “re-membering”, is a dynamic “intensive force” (of right view, right effort) shaping the memory in a productive way, recalling, retaining as needed to modify our memory of Dhamma to work properly. |
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4 satipatthana = sati + upatthana, = establishing the four rememberings, the four important ways to help shape memory productively. |
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sati ideas pros/cons |
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Sati is memory. |
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memory is a product of memorization and recollection. |
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In the oral tradition, in that tradition's way of learning and teaching, memory requires constant refreshment, via re-memorization and recollection, in order to stay accurate and accessible. |
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difficulties of translating sati as "memory" |
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In EBT contexts where "sati" is in derived forms, such as an adjective where one is satima ("mindful"), how do you make a coherent connection to "memory"? "memorable" doesn't mean what we want, "mindful" is the best fit. But using "mindful" would entail the serious defects of "mindfulness". |
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problems with sati as "memorization" or "recollection" |
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1. There are other words with those meanings already, sarati and anus-sarati. |
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2. Either of those two words would be workable, for example samma sati = right memorization, but it would distort the intent and full power of "sati" in the oral tradition, which requires making and accessing memory, not just one of the two. |
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problems with translating sati as both "memorization" AND "recollection" |
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1. obviously, samma sati = "right memorization-&-recollection" is long unwieldy word. |
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retentiveness |
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1. It's an existing English word, synonymous with being good at memorizing. |
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2. It implies, but doesn't explicitly and clearly involve the two-way skill in memory as "remember" does. |
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3. problem with "retentive" is it can mean other things than working with memory, such as "soil retentive of water". |
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recollectiveness |
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Same pros and cons as "retentiveness", just that this "one way" memory access is in the recollection and not the memorization. |
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"remember" (verb) = two way memory access: memorize + recollect |
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remembrance (noun) = The ability to recall past occurrences |
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remembrancer (noun) |ri'mem-brun-sur| One who, or that which, serves to bring to, or keep in, mind; a memento; a memorial; a reminder |
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Derived forms not in dictionary yet as of CE 2018 |
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remember-ization (noun) = two way memory access: memorization + recollection. |
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remember-ful (adj.) = one who embodies the qualities of remember-ization. One is good at "memorizing", and good at "recollecting". |
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remember-ness (noun) = alternative to remember-ization. |
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remember-fication (noun) = alternative to remember-ization. The fabrication of the skills of remembering. |
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remember-fully, remember-ly (adv.) |
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pros and cons of "remember" and its derivations |
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"remember" is a simpler word, that a child understands. "retentive" and "recollective" not so much. |
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Why "remember-ization" is better than "remembrance" |
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"remembrance" sounds like a memorial speech at a funeral. |
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remember-ization" is a dynamic two way memory worker, like "remember", it makes memories and it recalls memories. Sati/smrti is an essential aspect of the oral tradition, and we want to emphasize the development of those dynamic skills. Remember-ization practiced properly leads to realization. Mindfulness being non-judgemental and choiceless awareness is the condition of zombies and vegetables. Recall General "Sati", the gatekeeper of the fortress (AN 7.67) and Cook "Sati" (SN 47.8) trying to cook his way into 4 jhānas. They are not only choosy and judgemental, they are the complete opposite of the modern "mindfulness" understanding. They absolutely depend on two way memory skill. Sammā Sati is "right remember-fication" and "right remember-ization. |
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Sati is memory. |
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memory is a product of memorization and recollection. |
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In the oral tradition, in that tradition's way of learning and teaching, memory requires constant refreshment, via re-memorization and recollection, in order to stay accurate and accessible. As well as modifying, updating our memory as our understanding of Dhamma deepens. Working with memory is an essential skill, and those injunctions to develop memory skills need to be explicit and frequent. The word "sati" appears frequently in the EBT, and it needs to retain that meaning of "memory" and "working with memory". |
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This practice is about Nirvana and using words in the most effective way to liberation. It's not about stuffing yourself in a box and following rules and conventions so you can have tea with the Queen and speak the Queen's English properly. Sammā Sati is "right remember-fication" and "right remember-ization." Strategically placed hyphens means people will know what those words mean when they see it used. |
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Other ideas: |
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sati = memory-work. |
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conjugated forms for "work" would allow "memory" to be adapted for any situation. memory-worker, memory-workability, memory-working, etc. |
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sati = re-memory. The resemblance beween "rememory" and "remembering" would allow you to use "remember" in derived forms more seamlessly and retain the connection for pali readers that the word being referred to is "sati" and not a different word. |