MN 1 Mūla-pariyāya: root of all things

1.1 - (Ordinary person, assutavā puthujjano)
- 1.1.1 - (perceives [sañjānāti] form as form, conceives wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.1.2 - (why? Because they don’t completely understand [A-pariññātaṃ] form)
1.2 - (The trainee, sekha, an ariya but not an arahant yet)
- 1.2.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, but still working on not conceiving wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.2.2 - (why? so they can completely understand [Pariññātaṃ] form)
1.3 - (THE ARAHANT—I: completely understands [Pariññātaṃ])
- 1.3.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.3.2 - (why? Because they have completely understood [Pariññātaṃ] form)
1.4 - (THE ARAHANT—II: free of greed)
- 1.4.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.4.2 - (why? Because they’re free of greed due to the ending of greed.)
1.5 - (THE ARAHANT—III: free of aversion)
- 1.5.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.5.2 - (why? Because they’re free of hate due to the ending of hate.)
1.6 - (THE ARAHANT—IV: free of delusion)
- 1.6.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.6.2 - (why? Because they’re free of delusion due to the ending of delusion.)
1.7 - (THE TATHĀGATA— completely understand [Pariññātaṃ] to the end)
- 1.7.1 - (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.7.2 - (why? Because the Realized One has completely understood it to the end)
1.8 - (THE TATHĀGATA II— understood that relishing is the root of suffering)
- 1.8.1 - (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
- 1.8.2 - (why? Because he has understood that relishing is the root of suffering,)
1.9 - (Unusual conclusion: monks are unhappy instead of delighted with discourse)

	(derived from B. Sujato 2018/12)
Mūlapariyāyasutta	The Root of All Things	万物之本
Evaṃ me sutaṃ—	So I have heard.	如是我闻。
ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharati subhagavane sālarājamūle.	At one time the Buddha was staying near Ukkaṭṭhā, in the Subhaga Forest at the root of a magnificent sal tree.	一时，佛陀住在乌卡塔附近，在苏巴加森林中一棵宏伟的娑罗树下。
Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi:	There the Buddha addressed the monks:	佛陀在那里对僧侣们说：
“bhikkhavo”ti.	“monks!”	“比丘们！”
“Bhadante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ.	“Venerable sir,” they replied.	“尊者，”他们答道。
Bhagavā etadavoca:	The Buddha said this:	佛陀说了这些：
“sabbadhammamūlapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmi.	“monks, I will teach you the explanation of the root of all things.	“比丘们，我将教导你们万物之本的解释。
Taṃ suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha, bhāsissāmī”ti.	Listen and pay close attention, I will speak.”	仔细听，我将要讲。”
“Evaṃ, bhante”ti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ.	“Yes, sir,” they replied.	“是的，尊者，”他们答道。
Bhagavā etadavoca:	The Buddha said this:	佛陀说了这些：

1.1 – (Ordinary person, assutavā puthujjano)

1.1.1 - (perceives [sañjānāti] form as form, conceives wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.1.2 - (why? Because they don’t completely understand [A-pariññātaṃ] form)

§1.1 – (perceives [sañjānāti] form as form, conceives wrong ideas and identity around form)

“Idha, bhikkhave, assutavā puthujjano ariyānaṃ adassāvī ariyadhammassa akovido ariyadhamme avinīto, sappurisānaṃ adassāvī sappurisadhammassa akovido sappurisadhamme avinīto—	“Take an uneducated ordinary person who has not seen the noble ones, and is neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the noble ones. They’ve not seen good persons, and are neither skilled nor trained in the teaching of the good persons.	“未受教的凡夫，未曾见过圣者，对圣者的教法既不熟练也不曾受训。他们未曾见过善人，对善人的教法既不熟练也不曾受训。
pathaviṃ pathavito sañjānāti;	They perceive earth as earth.	他们将地感知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito saññatvā pathaviṃ maññati, pathaviyā maññati, pathavito maññati, pathaviṃ meti maññati, pathaviṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive earth, they conceive regarding earth, they conceive as earth, they conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they take pleasure in earth.	但随后他们构想地，他们就地构想，他们将地构想为地，他们构想‘地是我的’，他们喜爱地。

§1.2 – (why? Because they don’t completely understand [A-pariññātaṃ] form)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (1)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Āpaṃ āpato sañjānāti;	They perceive water as water.	他们将水感知为水。
āpaṃ āpato saññatvā āpaṃ maññati, āpasmiṃ maññati, āpato maññati, āpaṃ meti maññati, āpaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive water …	但随后他们构想水……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (2)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Tejaṃ tejato sañjānāti;	They perceive fire as fire.	他们将火感知为火。
tejaṃ tejato saññatvā tejaṃ maññati, tejasmiṃ maññati, tejato maññati, tejaṃ meti maññati, tejaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive fire …	但随后他们构想火……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (3)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Vāyaṃ vāyato sañjānāti;	They perceive air as air.	他们将风感知为风。
vāyaṃ vāyato saññatvā vāyaṃ maññati, vāyasmiṃ maññati, vāyato maññati, vāyaṃ meti maññati, vāyaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive air …	但随后他们构想风……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (4)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Bhūte bhūtato sañjānāti;	They perceive creatures as creatures.	他们将众生感知为众生。
bhūte bhūtato saññatvā bhūte maññati, bhūtesu maññati, bhūtato maññati, bhūte meti maññati, bhūte abhinandati.	But then they conceive creatures …	但随后他们构想众生……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (5)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Deve devato sañjānāti;	They perceive gods as gods.	他们将诸神感知为诸神。
deve devato saññatvā deve maññati, devesu maññati, devato maññati, deve meti maññati, deve abhinandati.	But then they conceive gods …	但随后他们构想诸神……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (6)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Pajāpatiṃ pajāpatito sañjānāti;	They perceive the Creator as the Creator.	他们将造物主感知为造物主。
pajāpatiṃ pajāpatito saññatvā pajāpatiṃ maññati, pajāpatismiṃ maññati, pajāpatito maññati, pajāpatiṃ meti maññati, pajāpatiṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the Creator …	但随后他们构想造物主……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (7)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Brahmaṃ brahmato sañjānāti;	They perceive Brahmā as Brahmā.	他们将梵天感知为梵天。
brahmaṃ brahmato saññatvā brahmaṃ maññati, brahmasmiṃ maññati, brahmato maññati, brahmaṃ meti maññati, brahmaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive Brahmā …	但随后他们构想梵天……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (8)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Ābhassare ābhassarato sañjānāti;	They perceive the gods of streaming radiance as the gods of streaming radiance.	他们将光明遍照天感知为光明遍照天。
ābhassare ābhassarato saññatvā ābhassare maññati, ābhassaresu maññati, ābhassarato maññati, ābhassare meti maññati, ābhassare abhinandati.	But then they conceive the gods of streaming radiance …	但随后他们构想光明遍照天……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (9)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Subhakiṇhe subhakiṇhato sañjānāti;	They perceive the gods replete with glory as the gods replete with glory.	他们将荣耀遍满天感知为荣耀遍满天。
subhakiṇhe subhakiṇhato saññatvā subhakiṇhe maññati, subhakiṇhesu maññati, subhakiṇhato maññati, subhakiṇhe meti maññati, subhakiṇhe abhinandati.	But then they conceive the gods replete with glory …	但随后他们构想荣耀遍满天……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (10)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Vehapphale vehapphalato sañjānāti;	They perceive the gods of abundant fruit as the gods of abundant fruit.	他们将广果天感知为广果天。
vehapphale vehapphalato saññatvā vehapphale maññati, vehapphalesu maññati, vehapphalato maññati, vehapphale meti maññati, vehapphale abhinandati.	But then they conceive the gods of abundant fruit …	但随后他们构想广果天……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (11)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Abhibhuṃ abhibhuto sañjānāti;	They perceive the Overlord as the Overlord.	他们将至上主感知为至上主。
abhibhuṃ abhibhuto saññatvā abhibhuṃ maññati, abhibhusmiṃ maññati, abhibhuto maññati, abhibhuṃ meti maññati, abhibhuṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the Overlord …	但随后他们构想至上主……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (12)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ ākāsānañcāyatanato sañjānāti;	They perceive the dimension of infinite space as the dimension of infinite space.	他们将虚空无边处感知为虚空无边处。
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ ākāsānañcāyatanato saññatvā ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ maññati, ākāsānañcāyatanasmiṃ maññati, ākāsānañcāyatanato maññati, ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ meti maññati, ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the dimension of infinite space …	但随后他们构想虚空无边处……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (13)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ viññāṇañcāyatanato sañjānāti;	They perceive the dimension of infinite consciousness as the dimension of infinite consciousness.	他们将识无边处感知为识无边处。
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ viññāṇañcāyatanato saññatvā viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ maññati, viññāṇañcāyatanasmiṃ maññati, viññāṇañcāyatanato maññati, viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ meti maññati, viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the dimension of infinite consciousness …	但随后他们构想识无边处……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (14)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ ākiñcaññāyatanato sañjānāti;	They perceive the dimension of nothingness as the dimension of nothingness.	他们将无所有处感知为无所有处。
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ ākiñcaññāyatanato saññatvā ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ maññati, ākiñcaññāyatanasmiṃ maññati, ākiñcaññāyatanato maññati, ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ meti maññati, ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the dimension of nothingness …	但随后他们构想无所有处……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (15)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ nevasaññānāsaññāyatanato sañjānāti;	They perceive the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception as the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception.	他们将非想非非想处感知为非想非非想处。
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ nevasaññānāsaññāyatanato saññatvā nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ maññati, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanasmiṃ maññati, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanato maññati, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ meti maññati, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	但随后他们构想非想非非想处……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (16)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Diṭṭhaṃ diṭṭhato sañjānāti;	They perceive the seen as the seen.	他们将所见感知为所见。
diṭṭhaṃ diṭṭhato saññatvā diṭṭhaṃ maññati, diṭṭhasmiṃ maññati, diṭṭhato maññati, diṭṭhaṃ meti maññati, diṭṭhaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the seen …	但随后他们构想所见……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (17)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Sutaṃ sutato sañjānāti;	They perceive the heard as the heard.	他们将所闻感知为所闻。
sutaṃ sutato saññatvā sutaṃ maññati, sutasmiṃ maññati, sutato maññati, sutaṃ meti maññati, sutaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the heard …	但随后他们构想所闻……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (18)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Mutaṃ mutato sañjānāti;	They perceive the thought as the thought.	他们将所思感知为所思。
mutaṃ mutato saññatvā mutaṃ maññati, mutasmiṃ maññati, mutato maññati, mutaṃ meti maññati, mutaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the thought …	但随后他们构想所思……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (19)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Viññātaṃ viññātato sañjānāti;	They perceive the cognized as the cognized.	他们将所识感知为所识。
viññātaṃ viññātato saññatvā viññātaṃ maññati, viññātasmiṃ maññati, viññātato maññati, viññātaṃ meti maññati, viññātaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive the cognized …	但随后他们构想所识……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (20)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Ekattaṃ ekattato sañjānāti;	They perceive oneness as oneness.	他们将一元性感知为一元性。
ekattaṃ ekattato saññatvā ekattaṃ maññati, ekattasmiṃ maññati, ekattato maññati, ekattaṃ meti maññati, ekattaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive oneness …	但随后他们构想一元性……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (21)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Nānattaṃ nānattato sañjānāti;	They perceive diversity as diversity.	他们将多元性感知为多元性。
nānattaṃ nānattato saññatvā nānattaṃ maññati, nānattasmiṃ maññati, nānattato maññati, nānattaṃ meti maññati, nānattaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive diversity …	但随后他们构想多元性……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (22)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Sabbaṃ sabbato sañjānāti;	They perceive all as all.	他们将一切感知为一切。
sabbaṃ sabbato saññatvā sabbaṃ maññati, sabbasmiṃ maññati, sabbato maññati, sabbaṃ meti maññati, sabbaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive all …	但随后他们构想一切……
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (23)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

Nibbānaṃ nibbānato sañjānāti;	They perceive nirvana as nirvana.	他们将涅槃感知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato saññatvā nibbānaṃ maññati, nibbānasmiṃ maññati, nibbānato maññati, nibbānaṃ meti maññati, nibbānaṃ abhinandati.	But then they conceive nirvana, they conceive regarding nirvana, they conceive as nirvana, they conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they take pleasure in nirvana.	但随后他们构想涅槃，他们就涅槃构想，他们将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Apariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi. (24)	Because they haven’t completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们还没有完全理解它。

end of section [1.1 - (Ordinary person, assutavā puthujjano)]❧

1.2 – (The trainee, sekha, an ariya but not an arahant yet)

1.2.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, but still working on not conceiving wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.2.2 - (why? so they can completely understand [Pariññātaṃ] form)

§2.1 – (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, but still working on not conceiving wrong ideas and identity around form)

Yopi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sekkho appattamānaso anuttaraṃ yogakkhemaṃ patthayamāno viharati, sopi pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	A monk who is a trainee, who hasn’t achieved their heart’s desire, but lives aspiring to the supreme sanctuary, directly knows earth as earth.	受训的比丘，尚未实现其心愿，但渴望最高的庇护所，直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ mā maññi, pathaviyā mā maññi, pathavito mā maññi, pathaviṃ meti mā maññi, pathaviṃ mābhinandi.	But they shouldn’t conceive earth, they shouldn’t conceive regarding earth, they shouldn’t conceive as earth, they shouldn’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they shouldn’t take pleasure in earth.	但他们不应构想地，他们不应就地构想，他们不应将地构想为地，他们不应构想‘地是我的’，他们不应喜爱地。

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññeyyaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi.	So that they may completely understand it, I say.	我说，这样他们才能完全理解它。

§2.2 – (why? so they can completely understand [Pariññātaṃ] form)

Āpaṃ … pe …	They directly know water …	他们直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	They directly know nirvana as nirvana.	他们直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ mā maññi, nibbānasmiṃ mā maññi, nibbānato mā maññi, nibbānaṃ meti mā maññi, nibbānaṃ mābhinandi.	But they shouldn’t conceive nirvana, they shouldn’t conceive regarding nirvana, they shouldn’t conceive as nirvana, they shouldn’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they shouldn’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他们不应构想涅槃，他们不应就涅槃构想，他们不应将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们不应构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们不应喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññeyyaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi.	So that they may completely understand it, I say.	我说，这样他们才能完全理解它。

❧

1.3 – (THE ARAHANT—I: completely understands [Pariññātaṃ])

1.3.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.3.2 - (why? Because they have completely understood [Pariññātaṃ] form)

§3.1 – (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Yopi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññāvimutto, sopi pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	A monk who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their own true goal, utterly ended the fetters of rebirth, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—directly knows earth as earth.	比丘已圆满——烦恼已尽，已完成灵性之旅，该做的已做，重担已卸，已达成自己的真正目标，彻底断除轮回的束缚，并透过觉悟而获得正当解脱——直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive earth, they don’t conceive regarding earth, they don’t conceive as earth, they don’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in earth.	但他们不构想地，他们不就地构想，他们不将地构想为地，他们不构想‘地是我的’，他们不喜爱地。

§3.2 – (why? Because they have completely understood [Pariññātaṃ] form)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi.	Because they have completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们已经完全理解它。

Āpaṃ … pe …	They directly know water …	他们直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	They directly know nirvana as nirvana.	他们直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive nirvana, they don’t conceive regarding nirvana, they don’t conceive as nirvana, they don’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他们不构想涅槃，他们不就涅槃构想，他们不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññātaṃ tassā’ti vadāmi.	Because they have completely understood it, I say.	我说，因为他们已经完全理解它。

❧

1.4 – (THE ARAHANT—II: free of greed)

1.4.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.4.2 - (why? Because they’re free of greed due to the ending of greed.)

§4.1 – (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Yopi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññā vimutto, sopi pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	A monk who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their own true goal, utterly ended the fetters of rebirth, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—directly knows earth as earth.	比丘已圆满——烦恼已尽，已完成灵性之旅，该做的已做，重担已卸，已达成自己的真正目标，彻底断除轮回的束缚，并透过觉悟而获得正当解脱——直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive earth, they don’t conceive regarding earth, they don’t conceive as earth, they don’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in earth.	但他们不构想地，他们不就地构想，他们不将地构想为地，他们不构想‘地是我的’，他们不喜爱地。

§4.2 – (why? Because they’re free of greed due to the ending of greed.)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā rāgassa, vītarāgattā.	Because they’re free of greed due to the ending of greed.	因为贪欲的止息，他们已无贪。

Āpaṃ … pe …	They directly know water …	他们直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	They directly know nirvana as nirvana.	他们直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive nirvana, they don’t conceive regarding nirvana, they don’t conceive as nirvana, they don’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他们不构想涅槃，他们不就涅槃构想，他们不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā rāgassa, vītarāgattā.	Because they’re free of greed due to the ending of greed.	因为贪欲的止息，他们已无贪。

❧

1.5 – (THE ARAHANT—III: free of aversion)

1.5.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.5.2 - (why? Because they’re free of hate due to the ending of hate.)

§5.1 – (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Yopi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññāvimutto, sopi pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	A monk who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their own true goal, utterly ended the fetters of rebirth, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—directly knows earth as earth.	比丘已圆满——烦恼已尽，已完成灵性之旅，该做的已做，重担已卸，已达成自己的真正目标，彻底断除轮回的束缚，并透过觉悟而获得正当解脱——直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive earth, they don’t conceive regarding earth, they don’t conceive as earth, they don’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in earth.	但他们不构想地，他们不就地构想，他们不将地构想为地，他们不构想‘地是我的’，他们不喜爱地。

§5.2 – (why? Because they’re free of hate due to the ending of hate.)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā dosassa, vītadosattā.	Because they’re free of hate due to the ending of hate.	因为瞋恨的止息，他们已无瞋。

Āpaṃ … pe …	They directly know water …	他们直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	They directly know nirvana as nirvana.	他们直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive nirvana, they don’t conceive regarding nirvana, they don’t conceive as nirvana, they don’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他们不构想涅槃，他们不就涅槃构想，他们不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā dosassa, vītadosattā.	Because they’re free of hate due to the ending of hate.	因为瞋恨的止息，他们已无瞋。

❧

1.6 – (THE ARAHANT—IV: free of delusion)

1.6.1 - (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.6.2 - (why? Because they’re free of delusion due to the ending of delusion.)

§6.1 – (directly knows [abhijānāti] form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Yopi so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahaṃ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojano sammadaññāvimutto, sopi pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	A monk who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their own true goal, utterly ended the fetters of rebirth, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—directly knows earth as earth.	比丘已圆满——烦恼已尽，已完成灵性之旅，该做的已做，重担已卸，已达成自己的真正目标，彻底断除轮回的束缚，并透过觉悟而获得正当解脱——直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive earth, they don’t conceive regarding earth, they don’t conceive as earth, they don’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in earth.	但他们不构想地，他们不就地构想，他们不将地构想为地，他们不构想‘地是我的’，他们不喜爱地。

§6.2 – (why? Because they’re free of delusion due to the ending of delusion.)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā mohassa, vītamohattā.	Because they’re free of delusion due to the ending of delusion.	因为愚痴的止息，他们已无痴。

Āpaṃ … pe …	They directly know water …	他们直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	They directly know nirvana as nirvana.	他们直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But they don’t conceive nirvana, they don’t conceive regarding nirvana, they don’t conceive as nirvana, they don’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, they don’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他们不构想涅槃，他们不就涅槃构想，他们不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他们不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他们不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
Khayā mohassa, vītamohattā.	Because they’re free of delusion due to the ending of delusion.	因为愚痴的止息，他们已无痴。

❧

1.7 – (THE TATHĀGATA— completely understand [Pariññātaṃ] to the end)

1.7.1 - (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.7.2 - (why? Because the Realized One has completely understood it to the end)

§7.1 – (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Tathāgatopi, bhikkhave, arahaṃ sammāsambuddho pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	The Realized One, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha directly knows earth as earth.	如来，圆满者，完全觉悟的佛陀，直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But he doesn’t conceive earth, he doesn’t conceive regarding earth, he doesn’t conceive as earth, he doesn’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, he doesn’t take pleasure in earth.	但他不构想地，他不就地构想，他不将地构想为地，他不构想‘地是我的’，他不喜爱地。

§7.2 – (why? Because the Realized One has completely understood it to the end)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññātantaṃ tathāgatassā’ti vadāmi.	Because the Realized One has completely understood it to the end, I say.	我说，因为如来已彻底理解它。

Āpaṃ … pe …	He directly knows water …	他直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	He directly knows nirvana as nirvana.	他直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But he doesn’t conceive nirvana, he doesn’t conceive regarding nirvana, he doesn’t conceive as nirvana, he doesn’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, he doesn’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他不构想涅槃，他不就涅槃构想，他不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Pariññātantaṃ tathāgatassā’ti vadāmi.	Because the Realized One has completely understood it to the end, I say.	我说，因为如来已彻底理解它。

❧

1.8 – (THE TATHĀGATA II— understood that relishing is the root of suffering)

1.8.1 - (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)
1.8.2 - (why? Because he has understood that relishing is the root of suffering,)

§8.1 – (directly knows form as form, they do not conceive wrong ideas and identity around form)

Tathāgatopi, bhikkhave, arahaṃ sammāsambuddho pathaviṃ pathavito abhijānāti;	The Realized One, the perfected one, the fully awakened Buddha directly knows earth as earth.	如来，圆满者，完全觉悟的佛陀，直接将地知为地。
pathaviṃ pathavito abhiññāya pathaviṃ na maññati, pathaviyā na maññati, pathavito na maññati, pathaviṃ meti na maññati, pathaviṃ nābhinandati.	But he doesn’t conceive earth, he doesn’t conceive regarding earth, he doesn’t conceive as earth, he doesn’t conceive that ‘earth is mine’, he doesn’t take pleasure in earth.	但他不构想地，他不就地构想，他不将地构想为地，他不构想‘地是我的’，他不喜爱地。

§8.2 – (why? Because he has understood that relishing is the root of suffering,)

Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Nandī dukkhassa mūlan’ti—	Because he has understood that relishing is the root of suffering,	因为他已了解贪著是苦的根源，
iti viditvā ‘bhavā jāti bhūtassa jarāmaraṇan’ti.	and that rebirth comes from continued existence; whoever has come to be gets old and dies.	并且再生源于持续的存在；凡是已生者，皆会衰老和死亡。
Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, ‘tathāgato sabbaso taṇhānaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddho’ti vadāmi.	That’s why the Realized One—with the ending, fading away, cessation, giving up, and letting go of all cravings—has awakened to the supreme perfect Awakening, I say.	所以我说，如来——因所有贪欲的止息、消逝、寂灭、舍弃和放下——已觉悟至无上正等正觉。”

Āpaṃ … pe …	He directly knows water …	他直接知水……
tejaṃ …	fire …	火……
vāyaṃ …	air …	风……
bhūte …	creatures …	众生……
deve …	gods …	诸神……
pajāpatiṃ …	the Creator …	造物主……
brahmaṃ …	Brahmā …	梵天……
ābhassare …	the gods of streaming radiance …	光明遍照天……
subhakiṇhe …	the gods replete with glory …	荣耀遍满天……
vehapphale …	the gods of abundant fruit …	广果天……
abhibhuṃ …	the Overlord …	至上主……
ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite space …	虚空无边处……
viññāṇañcāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of infinite consciousness …	识无边处……
ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of nothingness …	无所有处……
nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ …	the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception …	非想非非想处……
diṭṭhaṃ …	the seen …	所见……
sutaṃ …	the heard …	所闻……
mutaṃ …	the thought …	所思……
viññātaṃ …	the cognized …	所识……
ekattaṃ …	oneness …	一元性……
nānattaṃ …	diversity …	多元性……
sabbaṃ …	all …	一切……
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhijānāti;	He directly knows nirvana as nirvana.	他直接将涅槃知为涅槃。
nibbānaṃ nibbānato abhiññāya nibbānaṃ na maññati, nibbānasmiṃ na maññati, nibbānato na maññati, nibbānaṃ meti na maññati, nibbānaṃ nābhinandati.	But he doesn’t conceive nirvana, he doesn’t conceive regarding nirvana, he doesn’t conceive as nirvana, he doesn’t conceive that ‘nirvana is mine’, he doesn’t take pleasure in nirvana.	但他不构想涅槃，他不就涅槃构想，他不将涅槃构想为涅槃，他不构想‘涅槃是我的’，他不喜爱涅槃。
Taṃ kissa hetu?	Why is that?	为什么会这样？
‘Nandī dukkhassa mūlan’ti—	Because he has understood that relishing is the root of suffering,	因为他已了解贪著是苦的根源，
iti viditvā ‘bhavā jāti bhūtassa jarāmaraṇan’ti.	and that rebirth comes from continued existence; whoever has come to be gets old and dies.	并且再生源于持续的存在；凡是已生者，皆会衰老和死亡。
Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, ‘tathāgato sabbaso taṇhānaṃ khayā virāgā nirodhā cāgā paṭinissaggā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddho’ti vadāmī”ti.	That’s why the Realized One—with the ending, fading away, cessation, giving up, and letting go of all cravings—has awakened to the supreme perfect Awakening, I say.”	所以我说，如来——因所有贪欲的止息、消逝、寂灭、舍弃和放下——已觉悟至无上正等正觉。”

end of section [1.8 - (THE TATHĀGATA II— understood that relishing is the root of suffering)]❧

1.9 – (Unusual conclusion: monks are unhappy instead of delighted with discourse)

Idamavoca bhagavā.	That is what the Buddha said.	佛陀如是说。
Na te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.	But the monks were not happy with what the Buddha said.	但比丘们对佛陀所说并不满意。